When moderate Muslim groups use takfirism to tackle extremism, this intolerant doctrine is not challenged but reaffirmed.
When moderate Muslim groups use takfirism to tackle extremism, this intolerant doctrine is not challenged but reaffirmed
The last few weeks have seen a slew of Muslim condemnations of the extremist Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).
In the US, the Council for American-Islamic Relations called ISIS ‘un-Islamic and morally repugnant’. Arsalan Iftikhar, a well-known American Muslim writer, meanwhile wrote that ISIS should be called the ‘Un-Islamic State’. The Organisation of Islamic Conference has said that the ISIS’s killing of US journalist James Foley has ‘nothing to do with Islam’, while the Muslim Council of Britain has called ISIS ‘un-Islamic to the core’.
These are strong words and these condemnations are both welcome and well-intentioned. However, many such denunciations also deeply problematic.
Just as non-Muslims who try to tackle Islamism through defining moderate interpretations of Islam as the sole ‘true Islam’ actually undermine liberal Muslim attempts to develop a pluralist understanding of religion, so moderate Muslims’ use of takfir – the process of denouncing rival Muslims as apostates or non-Muslims – reinforces the ideological underpinnings of the very movements they are seeking to tackle.
Takfirism is the root and enabler of all modern jihadism; takfirist doctrine enables any ‘true’ Muslim to label those with a rival interpretation of Islam as no longer Muslim.
This, combined with traditional Islamic jurisprudence that mandates death for apostates, is taken by jihadists as an open license to denounce and then kill their enemies.
When moderate Muslim groups use takfirism to tackle extremism, this dangerous and intrinsically intolerant doctrine is therefore not challenged but is instead reaffirmed. Illustrating this, one British fighter in Syria, explaining why he regarded the MCB as his enemies, said: ‘The Muslim Council of Britain, they are apostates, they are not Muslims”, ironically the same argument that the MCB itself makes against ISIS.
A better approach is to accept that Islamist extremists, however distasteful their view of Islam, remain Muslims, however much other Muslims, and non-Muslims, might dislike their version of Islam.
Traditionally, as long as a Muslim accepted the existence of a single God and that Mohammed was his final prophet, then he/she was a Muslim. Ironically, a return to this age-old ‘big tent’ approach – that both jihadists and ‘moderates’ are now trying to hastily jettison – is arguably a better way to tackle extremism than seeking to ‘takfir the takfiris’.
It also goes without saying that in modern multi-cultural societies no respectable Muslim should be using ‘non-Muslim’ as a term of abuse against theological rivals; among other things this also perpetuates the stigmas against apostates (i.e. those Muslims who exercise their right to freedom of conscience by leaving Islam).
A further problem with the ‘jihadists are not Muslims’ argument is that when mainstream Muslims deny that extremists are also Muslims, extremist arguments are not engaged with but are instead left to fester.
Take, for example, militants’ fondness for beheading captives; jihadists typically justify this practice through referencing the Quranic verse 47:4 ‘when you meet those who disbelieve, strike at their necks’ (and variants of this, according to different translations), often supported by many centuries of warlike, and literally medieval, interpretations.
Rather than seeking to effectively re-contextualise and de-fang this verse for the modern era, a blunt rejection of those who cite it as non-Muslims removes all scope for critically engaging – and dismantling – their arguments. This ostrich approach that extremists’ actions ‘have nothing to do with Islam’ not only fails to recognise how deep-rooted some hardline jihadist interpretations are, but it also effectively cedes such key theological battlefields to the extremists.
The cumulative effect of the above is damaging inaction; if ISIS and other extremists are not Muslims, then why should Muslims be involved in challenging them and their arguments? The Muslim Council of Britain’s recent statement that ISIS ‘has been repudiated by all Muslims’ is a case in point; if all Muslims have rejected the group then there is nothing for more moderate Muslims to do.
Equally counter-productive is the Muslim Association of Britain’s recent press-release which condemns ISIS but also suggests the group are not only not Muslim but are part of an (undefined) plot to damage Islam: ‘The group is purposely doing severe damage to the reputation of Muslims across the world and is attempting to defame the image of Islam.’
It is useful to consider how effective anti-racism campaigns would be if they had followed the same tactics (‘Nick Griffin? We really don’t consider him to be English because he’s adopted many foreign practices. The BNP? Oh, they’re part of an insidious plot by foreigners to damage Britain.’).
On the contrary, effective counter-racism work has always involved identifying, countering, modifying or openly rejecting a range of traditional cultural practices, narratives and ideas; counter-radicalisation work in Muslim communities should be no different.
Accepting that Islamist extremists are also Muslims, and that aspects of their ideology are deeply entrenched in Islamic tradition, is an essential first step.
James Brandon is an associate fellow at the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence (ICSR). He was formerly the director of research at Quilliam, the counter-extremism think tank
110 Responses to “By denouncing ISIS as ‘not Muslims’, moderate Muslims risk making things worse”
Mark
Calm down. I’ve looked at every comment I’ve made here, and I have not referred to any race at any time. I’ll leave aside the fact that you keep mentioning “whites” for now. Do you see what is happening here?
I have made some general comments on “any scripture” and how they can be used and of course that includes Islam. That’s opinion and not claiming to be an expert in Islam.
Check my first comment, near the top, where I quote Reza Aslan (a Muslim historian) who says how scriptures can be used for peace or violence, depending on the outlook of the person. It happens, has happened and can happen. I do not rule Christianity out of that, as we are all well aware of the women burnt as witches, as well as the heretics in the Inquisition. This is what religions can do when they get power in the wrong hands.
Things have changed on the Christianity side for the better (particularly in the West), but I’m sorry to say, we are witnessing, right now, what can happen with Islamic scripture, when used by certain people. Does that mean I think ALL Muslims are like that? Of course not, as that would be a ridiculous notion. In fact, I state in my first comment that, “The vast majority of Muslims in the UK are decent, law-abiding citizens,” should be the default thinking of everyone.
You ask for debate, but are too quick to refer to “whites.” How do you think that makes me feel? I would say that if you think it’s impossible for Islamic scripture to be used nefariously, you have your hands over your ears, and your eyes shut.
GregAbdul
“I’ve looked at every comment I’ve made here…”
You need to look at a mirror and feel shame that you can’t accept not-white non-Christians 50 years after MLK.
Mark
You’re not making any sense now.
You seem to making some assumptions.
1. I’m white
2. I’m Christian
3. That I don’t accept others outside of 1 and 2.
I really struggle, from all I have said, where you are getting those views from.
GregAbdul
you don’t have to be white…Clarence Thomas and Zudhi Jasser are not white….you don’t have to be white to have a white racist mindset….but more than half the time, that is where you find it. This applies to the Christian bigot thinking as well. Atheists are the main ones who imitate intolerant Protestants these days. But a bigot mindst is a bigot mindset. Don’t get indignant with me that you show an intolerant toilet swirling around in your head and I point it out to you.
tigerlily
Religion is part of what makes up a person’s ethnicity – check it in the dictionary. Do you mean race instead?