Before Mrs Thatcher destroyed Britain’s post-war pension consensus, Beveridge had given us a decent state pension that kept up with earnings, and Barbara Castle had added an earnings related state pension (SERPS) to those whose employers did not provide a decent workplace pension on top.
Nigel Stanley is head of campaigns at the TUC
Before Mrs Thatcher destroyed Britain’s post-war pension consensus, Beveridge had given us a decent state pension that kept up with earnings, and Barbara Castle had added an earnings related state pension (SERPS) to those whose employers did not provide a decent workplace pension on top.
However while this gave most the prospects of a reasonable retirement income, it depended on long-term collective thinking and an active – and not exactly cheap – role for the state. That is why the post-1979 Conservative government broke the link to earnings, hacked away at the value of SERPS and encouraged personal pensions.
Employment changed too as the economy restructured. Large traditional industries shrank. Companies globalised and reduced their core workforce as jobs were contracted out or moved abroad. New companies no longer felt under any duty to provide earnings linked pensions – or indeed any pension at all.
With the state and the employer retreating the onus switched to the individual worker to build up their own personal pension. Efficient markets were meant to provide optimal outcomes in this as in everything else.
But this second consensus failed almost from the start. The 1997 Labour government tried to make it work with the introduction of straightforward personal stakeholder pensions, and much more generous – if means-tested – benefits for those retiring in poverty.
But with pensions mis-selling giving the industry a bad name, the retreat by employers and the sheer refusal of most workers to think as market theorists say they should – by rationally weighing up the benefits of future income against contributions – made it more and more obvious that we needed a new start.
This came from Tony Blair’s decision to set up the Pensions Commission under Adair Turner. By a skillful marshalling of the evidence and some thoughtful realpolitik, they delivered what Craig Berry and myself identify as a third, and potentially progressive, pensions consensus in a new Touchstone pamphlet, Third Time Lucky.
This was based on linking the state pension to earnings once again; making it compulsory for employers to provide and contribute to a pension unless the individual worker opted out; and setting up a new low cost pension scheme with an obligation to serve every company – what is now NEST. The Commission wanted to move gradually towards a flat-rate state pension, although this has been speeded up by the coalition.
We say this provides a progressive architecture. The state provides everyone with a foundation income in retirement, set above means-testing levels, and everyone gets the opportunity to build up a workplace pension on top.
But that is only the start. There are two challenges still to be met:
-
Most importantly the new system will not provide big enough pensions. This is because the coalition is introducing the flat rate pension at too low a level – indeed it will be cheaper than the old system. Minimum contributions to workplace pensions are set too low – on average the minimum will be about five per cent when three times that has been seen as a reasonable contribution. Increases in state pension age have not been based on longevity and demographics but deficit reduction.
-
Secondly we are using too many hangovers from the failed second consensus to try and make the new system work. While NEST is a beacon of good practice and has raised standards across the board, the system still relies on pension providers selling pensions in a competitive market to employers who may be neither qualified nor committed to getting a good deal – especially beyond the first rung of big employers in the first few waves of auto-enrolment. We agree with Greg McClymont MP and Andy Tarrant that we need fewer, bigger pension schemes run by trustees with no interests other than those of their members. And while properly funded and run DC pensions can provide good outcomes, collectivizing risk and reward can offer a real advantage.
But while there is much to do to ensure secure future retirement incomes – and a generation who have missed out on saving as the second consensus unravelled – we should still celebrate the changes that have been won in recent years, to which unions have made a major contribution.
And the great advantage of having a decent architecture with wide support is this: progressive change requires political will rather than a complete rethink of how we deliver future pensions.
8 Responses to “Pensions – an unfinished revolution”
Ermie Gumweed
While the Government is banging on about a ‘something for nothing’ culture it really does need to look at this. If we don’t pay for stuff then we can’t have it. If we don’t pay sufficient in taxes then we can’t have decent schools and hospitals etc. If we don’t pay sufficient in N.I or taxes then we can’t have a decent benefit system, including pensions. If we then consider the moral obligations of employers then we have a framework for a decent social system. The difficulty of course is for those who work for small employers who genuinely can’t afford to pay into social welfare schemes – but that’s not an insurmountable problem. We really do have to get used to paying in as well as taking out and if our expectations rise we must pay more in. In the US individuals pay lower taxes because they pay private companies to provide their healthcare, they have private sponsorship in schools however their taxes are still not significantly lower than in the UK in many states…. contrary to popular belief the UK is not a particularly high taxing country and there is a correlation between tax paid and services provided.
OldLb
The system was destroyed when Beveridge was over ruled.
The ONS has calculated how much the state owes for its pensions. It’s currently over 5,300 bn pounds rising faster than inflation.
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171766_263808.pdf
That has been hidden off the books. That fraud. Section 2, 2006 Fraud act.
The state pension costs 152,000 pounds according to the ONS (again).
However if a median worker had invested their NI, they would have had a fund of 627,000 pounds.
The difference is 475,000 pounds which is the amount people like you have stolen off someone who cannot by any stretch of the imagination be called rich.
That’s the welfare state for you. Making people poor by giving their retirement money to the likes of Philpott, 5 a day coordinators, and funding spare bedrooms for the lucky.
OldLb
You can’t have it, but you have to pay the tax. They’ve run up the debts. Money on debts isn’t money on services.
OldLb
Second, with New Zealand, Switzerland and Korea having tax rates half the UKs, and still attractive places, what’s the UK government doing wrong?
Double the price and half the value sums up Westminster.
Janus TwoNations
There are two kinds of state pension: http://thetwonations.co.uk/2013/05/two-kinds-of-state-pension/