In the wake of yesterday's Budget, Tim Horton and Howard Reed present an updated distributional analysis of the effects of the coalition’s major direct and indirect tax changes.
By Tim Horton and Howard Reed
Following last year’s June 2010 budget we produced a distributional analysis of the impact of the above-inflation increase in the income tax personal allowance (from £6,475 to £7,475) and the 2.5 percent increase in VAT.
Our analysis showed that the combined impact of these tax measures was regressive – hitting people with the poorest net incomes hardest (adjusted for household size).
Both those measures come into force this year: the VAT rise occurred in January, while the allowance increase takes effect this April.
In yesterday’s budget speech George Osborne announced a further increase in the income tax personal allowance – to £8,105 – from April 2012. Another (pre-announced) change is that this April, the thresholds for National Insurance Contributions (NICs) for employees and self-employed people will rise roughly in line with the increase in the personal allowance, but there is also an increase of 1 per cent in the contributions rates above this level.
In this post we update our distributional analysis of the effect of tax changes under Mr Osborne to take account of the further increase in the income tax allowance and the employee and self-employed NICs changes. The analysis also uses updated income distribution data (from the 2008-09 tax year) and improved modelling techniques.
The graph below shows the distributional impact of these tax changes by April 2012 compared with the April 2010 tax system that the coalition government started with, and correcting the April 2012 thresholds and allowances for inflation.
Graph:
Legend:
• The horizontal axis divides the household net income distribution into ten equally-sized deciles, going from left (poorest) to right (richest);
• The blue, red and green bars show the distributional impact of the income tax cut, NICs changes and VAT rise respectively.
• The purple line shows the combined impact of all three measures taken together
• The impact of each change is shown as a percentage of household net income (rather than in cash terms).
Analysis:
• The income tax cut gives the most money (as a proportion of net income) to households in the middle of the income distribution. Households at the bottom mostly have incomes below the initial (April 2010) allowance level of £6,475 and so do not gain from the allowance increase.
• Because the increase in the allowance is worth a maximum of £326 per person in nominal terms, the impact for people on higher incomes is lower as a percentage of net income, but the higher number of two-earner households in the middle deciles means they gain more (on average) overall than the lowest deciles.
• For higher rate taxpayers at the top of the income distribution the reduction in the personal allowance negates completely the impact of this year’s allowance increase (but not next year’s allowance increase).
The national insurance changes also have a positive net impact for the bottom two-thirds of the income distribution, although the increase in the lower threshold is offset by the increase in NICs rates which means the positive effects are smaller, and for households in the top four deciles the NICs changes reduce income.
(We do not include the impact of the change in employer NICs also taking place in April but again, this consists of an increase in the threshold combined with an increase in the contributions rate and so to the extent that the increase in employer NICs is passed through to employees in lower wages, the distributional effects will be similar to the employee NICs increase).
The VAT increase is a regressive tax change (at least, when the impact on living standards of a VAT increase is measured as a percentage of net income) because poorer households consume more (relative to their income) than do richer households. The size of the VAT increase (£11.5 billion by 2012-13) also outweighs the income tax cut (£4.7bn by 2012-13) while overall the NICs changes also increase revenue, and so the overall impact of the tax changes is to reduce household incomes.
Overall the distributional impact of the tax changes is an “inverted U shape” – with the poorest households and the richest households losing more than households in the middle.
The government’s own analysis of distributional effects of the tax changes (Figure A.3 in its Budget document [pdf]) suggests that the changes are much more progressive than this at the top end of the distribution but that is because Table A.3 includes the tax increases above £100,000 (withdrawal of the personal allowance and the introduction of the 50p income tax rate) announced by Labour in 2009 which came into force in April 2010, before the Coalition took office.
Here we confine ourselves to direct and indirect tax changes taking effect in 2011 and 2012.
Our analysis also does not include changes to benefits and tax credits which (as the Institute for Fiscal Studies showed in its post-spending review presentation last October, are regressive overall. So, overall, the tax changes introduced this year and next will increase the squeeze on Britain’s poorest families.
Finally, it’s worth remembering that the swingeing cuts announced in the spending review will have the biggest negative impact on the living standards of the poorest families – as shown in previous analysis we conducted back in the Autumn.
The Budget made no attempt to lessen these service cuts.
31 Responses to “Budget 2011: Distributional analysis of coalition’s major tax changes”
Broken OfBritain
https://www.leftfootforward.org/2011/03/budget-2011-distributional-analysis/
David Cameron - Page 10 - The Liverpool Way
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VSLVSL
An important point – but worth remembering: VAT increased from 17.5% to 20% – this is not a 2.5% increase as incorrectly stated but is approximately a 15% increase.
william
Be very careful.The policies of the last Labour government in general, and of Gordon Brown in particular, did more to widen the income gap than any post war government.Abolition of 10p tax band ring a bell?Low earners are least likely to vote,as the economic genius knew full well.If you inflate the public sector to an unsustainable level,the resultant remedies(more tax, less public spending)are bound to inflict the bottom of the pile, more.The man is a coward, he does not even appear in the House to represent his constituents.
Howard Reed
Duncan – many thanks for your comment. I agree that the distributional impact of VAT looks different if you use decile measures based on expenditure. However, I think there are other issues with using expenditure deciles which ONS hasn’t really considered – for example, it’s quite possible that people at the bottom could be spending more than their net incomes over substantial periods of time by borrowing – often from doorstep lenders at extortionate rates of interest (as Compass has pointed out in its “end legal loan sharking campaign”, for example.) Snapshot income is not a very good measure of long-term living standards for many households at the bottom – but expenditure probably isn’t, either.
In our June 2010 analysis we looked at an alternative where we allocated VAT payments proportional to income (i.e. flat across the distribution) – and it didn’t change the overall shape of the results that much. The same would be true this time but we didn’t put the extra line on here because the graph was already cluttered.